Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases

Neglected tropical diseases are traditionally neglected at the community, national, and international levels and are endemic in several under-developed and developing countries. They affect populations living in poverty especially without proper sanitation and in close contact with various infectious vectors and disease-causing livestock’s and causes significant health and financial burdens across underdeveloped nations and widely impacts their socio-economic statuses. Neglected tropical diseases are caused by bacteria, virus, parasites, helminths, protozoans etc. These including liquid body substance filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, represent a heavy burden to public health. Unlike many public-health risks, such as malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV, the burden of human suffering caused by neglected tropical diseases remains poorly recognized by the global public-health community.

POC diagnostics delivers rapid information for patient care. The common platform is the lateral flow immunoassay. Recently, emerging molecular diagnostics have met requirements for speed, low cost, and ease of use for POC applications. A major driver for POC development is the ability to diagnose infectious diseases at sites with a limited infrastructure. The potential use in both wealthy and resource-limited settings has fueled an intense effort to build on existing technologies and to generate new technologies for the diagnosis of a broad spectrum of infectious diseases. POC diagnostics also reduce the reliance on presumptive treatment and thereby facilitate antibiotic control. Rapid diagnostic tests work by detecting analyte that are found in or extracted from clinical samples. There are two primary types of analytes: microbial antigens and patient antibodies that are specific for microbial antigens.  However, there are emerging molecular technologies that enable nucleic acid-based approaches at the POC.

Contamination counteractive action and control is required to keep the transmission of Infectious Ailments in all social insurance frameworks. These maladies are typically caused by microscopic organisms or infections and can be spread by human to human contact, creature to human contact, human contact with a contaminated surface, airborne transmission through little beads of irresistible operators suspended noticeable all around lastly, by such regular vehicles as water or sustenance. Infection control and Counteractive action requests a fundamental comprehension of the study of disease transmission of maladies, chance factors that expansion quiet defenselessness to contamination, and the practices, methodology and medicines that may bring about diseases. Late systems have demonstrated that there is no illness that can't be dealt with.

HIV/AIDS still remains one of the most critical health challenges in the face of the world. According to reports around 36.7 million people are living with HIV and an estimated 1.8 million new infections are recorded in year 2016. There are some certain ways through which HIV can spread from one person to another such as blood, semen, pre-seminal fluids, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids and breast milk. HIV transmission is only possible if these fluids come in contact with the mucous membrane or damaged tissue or are directly injected into the bloodstream. HIV can also transmit from a mother to her child during the time of pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. Earlier, there were some cases of HIV transmission during organ or tissue transplant from a HIV infected person. HIV treatment involves taking medicines that are called antiretrovirals also known as ARV. These are always given in combination with other antiretrovirals. The therapy involved is called antiretroviral therapy also named as ART. Using ART drugs has significantly reduced the number of deaths related to AIDS.

These infections are acquired due to development of favorable conditions in hospital environment, infected by a patient during a hospital visit or one developing among hospital staff. The types of microorganisms because nosocomial infections contribute about 99,000 deaths each year according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recent survey by hospitals reports, Gram-negative infections are estimated to account for two-thirds of the 25,000 deaths each year. Urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream, and other parts of the body are coming under these categories. Most of the infections are difficult to attack with antibiotics, and Gram-negative bacteria resistant to antibiotic can infect people outside the hospital. The prevention and control of nosocomial infections sets new goals for the epidemiologists and infection control practitioners beyond the basics.

The diseases which are caused by pathogenic microorganism such as virus, bacteria, parasites, fungi come under the category of Infectious. Another category is Zoonotic diseases which are the diseases affecting animals but also infects when transmitted to humans. These diseases are transmissible from one person to another. According to a report in today’s world more than half a billion people are affected with Communicable diseases. The topic includes various kind of infection depending on the diseases causing agents and arboviral diseases.

Parasitic and Blood Infectious Diseases

Digestive and Respiratory Infectious Diseases

Dermatological and Neurological Infectious Diseases

Childhood infections / Pediatric infections are the infections which are caused in different age group children. Pediatric infections experts take care of the infections occurring in children and the treatment methods vary for children from adults. 11 million children deaths every year are attributable to six causes: neonatal infection, diarrhea, malaria, preterm delivery, pneumonia or lack of oxygen at birth. Some of the deaths occur from illnesses like malaria, measles or tetanus. Others result indirectly from marginalization, conflict and HIV/AIDS. Global burden of Pediatric mortality is increasing enormously every year.

Clinical Immunology associated with studies of diseases which are caused due to disorders of immune system i.e.., abnormal growth of any cellular tissues of the system, hypersensitivities such as in asthma , immune system failure and other allergies. It also includes the diseases of other systems, where immune reaction plays a vital role in the clinical aspects and pathology. Clinical Immunology divided into two categories: autoimmunity host body own itself attacks the immune system in the other hand Immunodeficiency is a category in which inadequate response is attained by the immune system.

An allergic disease occurs when a person's immune system reacts to substances present in the environment that are harmless for most people. These substances are known as allergens and are found in dust mites, foods, pets, ticks, pollen, insects, moulds, and some medicines.

Global Health refers to the health of populaces everywhere throughout the world. It is about overall well-being enhancement and security against worldwide dangers that disregard national borders. With the high rate of Infectious Diseases occurrences over the Tropical area there is increasingly more necessity of Medicine and new preventive measure particularly in the Under created nations. As per a report distributed in exceedingly regarded diary of medication, in tropical locales in excess of a billion people (around one-6th of the total populace) are experiencing Tropical Diseases. Hence every one of the researchers and specialists from the field of the study of disease transmission, virologists, parasitologists, microbiologists, logisticians, general wellbeing are welcome to examine their examination work to take care of this issue and enhance worldwide well-being.

Parasitology essentially refers to study of connection among parasites and their hosts. Parasites utilize human or creatures as hosts. The hosts give the best possible condition to survive the parasites. For tropical drug look into parasitology is an imperative field. Different parasites, for example, infections, microorganisms, worms and so forth are the causative living being for Infectious Diseases in this way this field turn into a critical part to think about in regard to Infectious Diseases. This is the reason to incorporate this session in the Conference.

Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms that live almost everywhere. Bacteria live in every climate and location on earth. Some are airborne while others live in water or soil. Bacteria live on and inside plants, animals, and people. The word "bacteria" has a negative connotation, but bacteria perform many vital functions for organisms and in the environment.

Fungal Infectious Diseases are often caused by fungi that are common in the environment. Most fungi are not dangerous, but some types can be harmful to health. Mild fungal skin diseases can look like a rash and are very common. Fungal diseases in the lungs are often similar to other illnesses such as the flu or tuberculosis. Some fungal infections like fungal meningitis and bloodstream infections are less common than skin and lung infections but can be deadly.

Germs can cause infection in human blood and diseases are known as blood borne pathogens. The most common and dangerous germs spread through blood within the hospital are viral hepatitis B and hepatitis c virus. These viruses cause infections and liver injury. This virus cause AIDS. Organisms such as bacteria, viruses, prions, and parasites will be transmitted through blood transfusions.

Vaccines are the products that can produce immunity from a disease and can be administered through needle injections, by mouth and by aerosol. Vaccination is the injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against that organism. Antimicrobials/ antibiotics/ antibacterial are the drugs used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Few antibiotics possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza and their inappropriate use allows the emergence of resistant organisms.