1. Tropical Medicine

Tropical medicine is a key component of global health, but it is focused on the particular tropical infections which occur in resource poor settings, with an emphasis on the pathogens, their vectors, how they are transmitted (epidemiology), treatment and prevention, and how to develop new control measures to combat tropical diseases, including new drugs, insecticides, diagnostics, and vaccines. Tropical medicine is the science of tropical diseases and a group of neglected tropical diseases such as hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, river blindness, elephantiasis, trachoma, Chagas disease, Buruli ulcer, and leishmaniasis, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.

• New Tropical Medicine
• Neglected Tropical Diseases
• Neglected Infections of Poverty

2. Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases are majorly caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, few may cause disease. Some of the infectious diseases can be transmitted from person to person. Few are transmitted by insects or other animals and by consuming contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the organism and causing the infection, also include fever and fatigue. Mild infections respond to home remedies, while some life-threatening infections may need hospitalization. Infectious diseases such as measles and chickenpox can be prevented by vaccines.

• Risk Factors
• Complications
• Prevention

3. Impact of Covid-19 in Tropical Medicine

COVID-19 infection leads to intestinal infection. Studies have cultured the COVID-19 virus from a single stool specimen. No reports of faecal−oral transmission of the COVID-19 virus have been found. Drug researchers realise the harmful effect a virus can have on people’s health and the entire world economy. Neglected tropical diseases are bacterial, viral, parasitic, fungal and non-communicable origin. NTDs share a common geographical and social context: their burden is predominantly located in tropical areas across the globe, and they majorly affect resource-poor communities and their correlation with the poverty is so close. The epidemiology of NTDs is complex and relates to environmental conditions.

• NTD prevention
• Conspiracy theory
• Major Outbreaks

4. Drugs in Treating Urinary Schistosomiasis

Urinary schistosomiasis caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma known as Schistosoma haematobium. Schistosoma haematobium, also known to be “urinary blood fluke” that inhabits and multiplies eggs in the small venules of the perivesical and portal systems. Urinary schistosomiasis is endemic in 53 countries in Africa and the Middle East. A cholinesterase inhibitor Metrifonate is another selective treatment for SH; it has good efficacy and safety properties. Although it is economic, causes low recurrence rates. Metrifonate is that a prophylactic dose which is needed within two years to guard against recurrence. Niridazole is also highly effective for treating schistosomiasis, and a single dose of niridazole daily has a high cure rate.

• In vitro studies
• Albendazole Treatment
• Egg Reduction Rate

5. Immunization

Immunization is the method in which a person's system becomes fortified against the associative antigen. Once this technique is exposed to molecules that is foreign to the body, referred to as non-self, it'll orchestrate associate immune reaction, and it'll additionally develop the flexibility to quickly reply to a resultant encounter owing to immunologic memory. Therefore, by exposing associate to antigen in an exceedingly controlled manner, its body will learn to shield itself: this can be referred to as active immunization. The most necessary components of the system that can be improved by immunization square measure the T cells, B cells, and therefore, the antibodies B cells turn out. Memory B cells and memory T cells square measure chargeable for a swift response to a second encounter with a remote molecule. Passive immunization is the direct introduction of those components into the body, rather than the production of those components by the body itself.

• Active immunization
• Passive immunization
• Efficient immunization

6. Rickettsiosis

Rickettsiae belong to the alpha-1 proteobacteria which are small gram-negative intracellular bacteria majorly transmitted by arthropods such as lice, fleas, ticks with two genera: Orientia with a unique specie and Rickettsia with several species. The clinical pictures which cause are known to be rickettsioses. All along the history, rickettsioses have been a threat and nowadays they are specifically cause of morbi-mortality in some areas of the world. Currently, ticks cause most travel-associated rickettsioses. Ticks are considered as one of the important vectors of infectious diseases in the world, preceded only by mosquitoes. Therefore, tick-borne rickettsioses are endemic all over the globe.

• Spotted fever group
• Typhus group
• Scrub typhus group

7. Human Ehrlichiosis

Ehrlichiosis caused by gram negative, obligately intracellular bacteria belonging to the genus Ehrlichia of the family Anaplasmataceae, Order Rickettsiales and the alpha sub-division Proteobacteria. Though they have a characteristic Gram negative cell wall structure, they lack the important enzymes to synthesize cell membrane components likewise lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. As intracellular pathogens, Ehrlichia reside in cytoplasmic membrane-bound vacuoles inside host cells by forming microcolonies called morulae, which is derived from the Latin word “morus” for mulberry. Morulae range 1.0 to 6.0 µm in diameter which may contain uniform or mixed cell types.

• Vectors and reservoirs
• Clinical manifestations
• Treatment

8. Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis affects wildlife, domestic and man. Now a days, it is the highest incidence of zoonosis in the globe. It is considered as an occupational disease, and re-emerging infectious disease. Occurring of leptospirosis may be endemic and epidemic in developing countries with tropical and subtropical. Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochete Leptospiraceae family, consisting of two genera, Leptospira and Leptonema. The disease vary from common symptomatic infection in endemic regions, undifferentiated febrile illness, or syndrome to the presence of aseptic meningitis with low morbidity or similar to toxic shock syndrome with jaundice, myocarditis, renal failure and cardiac hemorrhage, meningitis and death have been described as epidemic in regions of severe leptospirosis in urban areas.

• Epidemiologic Factors
• Pathophysiology
• Immunopathogenic

9. Bartonella Infections in Rodents and Bats

Bacteria of Bartonella are majorly hemotropic. They are gram-negative bacteria associated with erythrocytes and endothelial cells of mammals. Members within the genus bartonella have expanded during last three decades. Human pathogens B. bacilliformis, B. quintana and B. henselae, B. alsatica, B. elizabethae, B. grahamii, B. koehlerae, B. clarridgeiae, B. washoensis, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, B. vinsonii subsp. arupensis, B. tamiae, and B. rochalimae, have been described as human pathogens. A Bartonella infection causes fever that resolves quickly on its own to potentially fatal diseases with cardiovascular system. These shown the emerging medical importance of bartonellae.

• Host-specificity relationships
• Bartonella genetic heterogeneity
• Epidemiology significance

10. Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacteria. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also known as the Koch’s bacilli, which affects any organ or tissue in the body. This known to be a pulmonary disease, with their particular hallmarks such as occurrence of cough lasting more than 15 days, is the main corporal area affected. In such cases, individuals in such state are so-called respiratory symptomatic. Besides those signs, disease can be manifested with hemoptisis, fever, night sweating, general malaise, thoracic pain, anorexia and weight lost. This disease is still a significant public heal problem because of its high transmissibility and also it is highly potentially preventable and treatable condition.

• Social networking
• Prevention
• Control Measures

11. Dengue Virus

The term dengue was derived from Spanish literature which was used to describe joint pain from an illness that attacked the British during the epidemic that affected the Spanish West Indies from 1927- 1928. Dengue was brought to the American continent during the colonization in the 18^th  century. Dengue virus symptoms are similar to those of several other infections, especially yellow fever. The etiology of dengue credited to an ultramicroscopic agent. Similarly, transmission has been considered through respiration and finally, by mosquitoes. Genetic variation was first demonstrated by serological techniques.

• Laboratory diagnosis
• Etiology
• Transmission and Pathogenesis

As per the projection of various tropical medicine journals and the WHO these diseases have been reported to effects most than 33 countries in the region of Africa and western Asia. The market for infectious disease molecular diagnostics tests incorporates reference research centres, hospitals, blood banks. Size is predicted to grow at 9.42% CAGR from 2018 to 2023 and it is determined that the Middle East and Africa market was valued at USD 1.35 billion in 2018 and is depended upon to accomplish USD 2.12 billion by 2023.

Disease diagnostics are utilized for are utilized for in form of a quick, precise test result. Disease diagnostics are on a rise even if it is time-consuming. The infectious disease epidemics are spreading around the world, thereby increasing the demand for diagnostic tests. Additionally, the occurrence of AIDS, malaria, and other diseases are also on increase, creating a vigorous demand for infectious disease diagnostics. Many government-financed programs all over the globe are progressively providing free screening and tests in order to increase awareness, precisely diagnose diseases, and limit the chances of infection. Such activities are foreseen to help the market development in the following couple of years.

The infectious disease treatment market in China is witnessing steady growth owing to an increasing use of combination therapies. We forecast the growth of this market to continue through 2020. Both government and non-government bodies are increasing awareness of influenza vaccinations. This rising awareness is driving growth for the influenza vaccine market. An increase in R&D activities for liver cirrhosis medication is a major trend expected to impact the liver disease treatment market. We expect this market to witness strong growth through 2021. The infectious disease therapeutics market will register a CAGR of over 4% by 2023.